Kaverin Andrey S.

Introduction. Currently, a significant increase in threats from external and internal factors to the economic security of Russia, there is an increasing need to develop systematic approaches to the mechanism of countering their negative consequences.Purpose. To justify the need to apply the institutional concept to the development of a mechanism for ensuring economic security and to propose areas for its improvement for Russia.Methods. Within the institutional paradigm, the mechanism for ensuring economic security in Russia is examined as a set of formal institutions (laws, strategies, standards and practices of interaction) structuring the behavior of actors (the state, business, and the population), creating its integrity and increasing efficiency through risk minimization. Within the institutional approach, methods such as categorical and comparative analysis were employed, facilitating the clarification of the conceptual framework; documentary and content analysis were conducted to identify priorities, gaps, and contradictions within the mechanism; and system-structural analysis was used, concentrating on modeling a mechanism while identifying subsystems, outputs, and feedback.Results and Conclusions. Economic security is considered as the most important component of national security and needs a state in which the economic system is stable and stable, regardless of the effects of external and internal environmental factors.Based on the analysis of both external and internal environmental factors that adversely affect the effectiveness of public policy and reduce the level of economic security of the state, the authors propose ways to reduce these threats and improve the mechanism for ensuring Russia's economic security using an institutional approach. Among the four key areas proposed are: – improving the legislative framework in terms of streamlining and coordinating powers in matters of ensuring the protection of national economic interests, strengthening state power and rationalizing the mechanisms for developing and implementing economic policy; - structural restructuring of the national economy, considering the threshold values of socio-economic indicators; – protection of property rights and development of the private sector of the economy, taking into account the needs of structural restructuring of the economy and expansion of innovative activity; – harmonization of international relations in terms of the exchange of production experience and resources, considering mutual interests and priority goals of social development. The State must be provided with sufficient economic strength and resources to protect and maintain its priorities and improve the well-being of citizens.

Introduction. The relevance of the study is due to the need to analyze the effectiveness of import substitution measures, their impact on various sectors of the economy and identify key problems that hinder the achievement of set goals. Despite significant efforts by the government and business, the import substitution process faces a number of challenges, including technological constraints, a shortage of qualified personnel, and insufficient competitiveness of individual industries. Purpose. To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the import substitution policy as a key element of Russia's economic security strategy, evaluate the results achieved and formulate proposals for its further optimization. Methods. The methodological basis of the research was made up of general scientific and special methods of cognition. Among them: the method of system analysis - to consider the policy of import substitution as an integrated element of the economic security system; the comparative method - to compare data for different periods; content analysis - to study key government programs, strategic documents and regulatory legal acts regulating this area. Results. It is shown that a comprehensive institutional framework has been formed to date. Russia has created a multi-level system for managing the import substitution process (Government Commission, state programs, national projects, etc.), which focuses on a wide range of industries, from agriculture to high technology. Significant successes have been achieved in the "low- and medium-tech" sectors. Critical dependence remains in high-tech industries. The greatest risks and challenges remain in areas requiring complex technological solutions, a deep scientific base and global supply chains: medical equipment, electronics, automotive, complex industrial and energy engineering. Conclusions. The article proves that the key factor in the successful implementation of the import substitution strategy in the context of strengthening the economic security of the Russian Federation is the formation by the state of institutional and economic conditions conducive to the development of entrepreneurial activity of various scales - from large corporations to small and medium-sized businesses. At the same time, it is of particular importance to stimulate domestic and joint entrepreneurship aimed at increasing the competitiveness of manufactured products both in terms of price parameters and quality characteristics, which will ensure their competitiveness not only in the domestic but also in the global market. The success of the import substitution policy as a factor of Russia's economic security depends on the synergy of three elements: government support (institutions, financing, etc.), business production capabilities (R&D, cooperation, quality) and consumer confidence of the population. Ignoring any of these components will significantly slow down the achievement of the goals of technological sovereignty.