Shulikov Aleksey O.

Introduction. The fishery complex of the Russian Federation plays a vital role in ensuring the country's food independence, reproducing aquatic bioresources, and maintaining the population's standard of living. The industry has a multiplying effect, influencing shipbuilding, food industry, transport, and trade. The complex is of particular importance for coastal territories, where its enterprises often serve as cityforming entities and shape social policy. The case of the Kamchatka Krai, with its unique resources, demonstrates the need for effective state policy.The purpose of this work is to analyze the evolution of the industry's management system, identify the key factors of its effectiveness, and determine directions for improving state policy.Materials and Methods. The research is based on the analysis of legal and regulatory acts (Federal Law No. 166-FZ, the state program for the development of the fishery complex), statistical data from Rosstat, industry reports, and scientific publications. The study employs historical-logical and comparative methods, as well as the systematization of expert assessments.Results. The transformation of the management system is divided into distinct stages: the Soviet period (centralization, the basin-based principle, a "gross output" strategy), the post-Soviet crisis period (liquidation of the ministry, multiple reforms, distributive and auction-based approaches), the period of consolidating the "historical principle" (2004–2015), and the current stage, marked by the introduction of investment quotas. It is shown that the long-term allocation of quotas created conditions for investment, but by 2015, a lack of incentives for fleet renewal and onshore processing became apparent. It was established that despite an increase in catch (4.7 million tons in 2025) and a rise in the share of value-added processing (from 15% to 34% between 2017 and 2024), significant problems persist: declining profitability (profits fell by 21% in 2024), growing accounts payable (exceeding 1 trillion rubles in 2025), a high degree of fleet depreciation, and the raw-material orientation of exports.Conclusions. An effective management model must combine the stability of the "historical principle" with flexible investment mechanisms. Promising directions include linking quotas to investment obligations, providing tax incentives for value-added processing, increasing the availability of credit secured by quotas, digitalizing the industry, and removing infrastructural constraints. The case of the Kamchatka Krai confirms the need for a synthesis of federal guarantees and regional support mechanisms.

Introduction. The process of formation of political elites in post-Soviet states has a number of common features. At the same time, there are also specifics determined by the history, culture of a particular territory, as well as the situation developed at the time of the collapse of the USSR. The common features of the formation of the elites are: active participation of the party and Soviet bureaucracy. However, there were already significant differences between the Russian situation and the situation in Ukraine. The Russian elite initially perceived themselves as the successors of the "old elite", and the Russian Federation was perceived not only by the elite, but also by the population of the country, as the renewed Soviet Union. Accordingly, the problem of self-awareness was not as acute as in other post-Soviet countries, where it was necessary to build a new political nation. Purpose. The analysis of the formation and transformation of elites in Donbas, the study of the causes of the deep structural crisis that led to the conflict in Ukraine. Materials and methods. General scientific and special research methods have been used in the work, including analysis, synthesis, an integrated system approach, comparison, and generalization. In the course of the work, methods of retrospective and logical analysis were used. In the course of the research, the authors relied on a set of scientific methods of cognition: observation, survey, comparison and generalization. The research is based on the provisions on the recruitment of the political elite, its formation, functions and role. The empirical basis of the research have been made up of scientific publications, the an authors own sociological research into the role of the political elite on the historical territories of the Russian Federation. Results. The article examines the formation and transformation of elites on the post-Soviet area with a focus on Ukraine and, in particular, the Donets Basin. The main conclusion is that the key split that determined the further development of the political situation in Ukraine was not only the conflict between pro-Russian and pro-European vectors, but also a deep internal contradiction between different types of elites and regional identities inherited from Soviet times. Conclusions. The research conducted shows that the conflict in Ukraine is not just a geopolitical choice between the West and the East. At is a consequence of a deep structural crisis caused by the following factors: the heterogeneity of political and economic elites; the unrealized project of pan-Ukrainian nation building; the formation of an oligarchic state; a value gap between different regions of Ukraine.