Казакова Мария Владимировна

General equilibrium models with overlapping generations is a traditional tool for the quantitative analysis of the effects of economic policies and demographic changes. In the first works devoted to general equilibrium models, altruistic relations linked generations of agents. Further, however, the presence of altruism in models lost its relevance. In 1979 A. Auerbach and L. Kotlikoff proposed multidimensional models with overlapping generations and rational expectations, which would later acquire tremendous practical significance as a tool for analyzing fiscal policy and demography issues. The first versions of such models suggested inelastic labor supply and a simple mechanism describing the dynamics of demography. The more flexible versions of the models took into account the elasticity of labor supply and demographic changes; the dependence of fertility and mortality on age and time and the uncertainty of the life period of agents; tradable and non-tradable products in different countries. Later authors included also such factors as land, income, uncertainty, political economy, liquidity, social security financing, and the economy’s relationship with climate. This article reviews the evolution of general economic equilibrium models from 1957 to the present. This review is of great value as a starting point for the perspective development of a model with overlapping generations and exhaustible energy sources (oil, gas and coal), which are the main emitters of greenhouse gases when used as an energy source in production. This model also takes into account the uncertainty due to the inaccuracy of the parameters of climate sensitivity to greenhouse gas emissions and economic activity to climate change.

Empirical evidence suggests that the informal sector is the important, and even the main source of employment in many countries, mainly developing and poorly developed. Work in the informal sector represents the only source of income for the population in countries with high poverty levels. At the same time, the expansion of this sector has a negative impact on income level throughout the economy. Therefore, the study of macroeconomic consequences of the informal sector is of both research and empirical interest. The present study reviews the existing definitions of the informal sector, as well as foreign experience of elaborating general equilibrium models with informal sector. This review will be useful for developing a similar model for Russia.