Кашникова Татьяна Васильевна

The article provides a comparative analysis of entrepreneurship theories based on the historical and genetic method. The need to study the theoretical foundations of entrepreneurship for its effective implementation in practice in order to maximize profits is emphasized. It is argued that the relevance of studying the origins of entrepreneurship is determined by the conditions of economic development, the processes of global economic integration and the needs of people for knowledge that can justify the adoption of a particular managerial decision. The need to systematize the economic and theoretical knowledge about entrepreneurship is associated with the increased interest of modern society in this form of economic activity.

The article discusses the causes and consequences of socio-economic inequality as a negative antisocial phenomenon. It is emphasized that real adherence to constitutional principles by the state, a change in social policy, and the development of civic institutions can help resolve an aggravated problem. The instruments of implementing state policy in the field of reducing social tension are determined.

The article deals with the models of social policy of the state. It is emphasized that the social function of the state can be carried out in various ways, in different directions depending on the features of the historical path of the country's development, the political structure, the mentality of the population. The criteria for the classification of the social state are determined. The characteristic features of the following types of models are investigated: institutional and residual; egalitarian, roulsian and utilitarian; corporatist, paternalistic and etatist; Bismarck (continental), Beveridge (Anglo-Saxon) and Scandinavian; Monetary, paternalistic and welfare models. It is argued that the essence of modern social policy of developed states is an effectively balanced combination of market and state regulatory mechanisms. It is emphasized that the choice of the most effective social model, adaptive to the modern Russian economic realities, is especially relevant for the Russian Federation.

The content-qualitative definiteness of income inequality of the population in the context of welfare theory is considered in the article. Examines the indicators to measure social and economic inequality. The factors influencing income differentiation of the population. Is the determination and classification of social inequality. It is emphasized that economic inequality is formed at the macro, meso, micro level and on the level of the individual. Examines the contribution to the development of the theory of economic welfare V. Pareto and A. Pigou. It is argued that in the information society there is a tendency of transformation of the concept of welfare and inequality is not always a negative factor hindering the development of society.

The article proves the possibility of using foreign experience for the purpose of constructing an innovative model of economic growth in Russia, since the path of innovative development of the leading countries of the world is associated with the increase in basic macroeconomic indicators, the effective functioning of the financial sector, and the improvement in the level and quality of life of the population. It is underlined that innovations are the basis of stable social and economic development of the country. Comparative analysis of the Euro-Atlantic, East-Asian and American (the "Triple Helix" model) of innovative models of economic growth is carried out, each of which has its own cultural traditions, mentality, financial mechanisms and historically established systems of relationships. The need for close cooperation between the state, business and universities is being endorsed. To overcome the crisis and create conditions for the effective functioning of the economy, Russia must develop its own innovation model of economic growth.

In the article the authors consider institutional priorities of formation of motivational mechanism in the labor market during the stagnation period, which took the form of recession. The authors develop mechanisms of adaptation to modern realities in the labor market: instability, inconsistency, uncertainty, high risk. The diversication of market mechanisms of motivation of economic entities in Russia was substantiated. The effects of informal and formal institutions on labor activity of individuals were assessed. It is argued that by means of formal rules it is possible not only set the normative rules of behavior, but also affect the nature of the informal motivating factors. Conversely, informal social norms in the process of its historical and economic development are formalized and consolidated as the law. The authors proposed to implement the classical and neo-classical type of contracts in the process of formation of the motivational mechanism of labor activity of workers, which gives the employer the opportunity to coordinate more effectively and control the process of interaction with the object of the contract. The authors identied instruments of labor motivation in Russian companies, corresponding to the principles of neoclassical economic theory.

The article analyzes the existed in the Russian labor market adaptation mechanisms to relevant economic conditions. It is noted that the structure of the post-soviet countries' labour market, particularly Russia, is determined by the features of transition period. Special attention is paid to the analysis of dynamics and structure of the shadow labor market, to the measures of its localization and to the lines of the public policy for reducing the shadow sector.

The article analyzes the modification of Russian poverty against the background of a stagnating economy, to the current form of the recession. Determine the cause of the growth of poverty in Russia. The necessity of using the method of calculation of ills, on the basis of a synthetic index, which includes the mo-contractionary monetary and non-monetary components. Preconditions reducing household living at the moment, as well as the characteristics of income differentiation population in Russia. The mechanisms of localization of poverty in the context of stagnating.

In article innovative trends and instruments of realization of social policy of the state at mesolevel in the conditions of decrease in rates of economic growth, possibility of implementation of the state support of house farms, including lower-income strata of the Russian Federation are considered. Particular attention is given to identification of innovative tools in the elaboration of social policy in the region in the context of global instability. The need for further enhancement of social policy at the mesolevel is emphasized, which should provide a full-fledged citizens'' access to social services and social programs